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Natural process activating brain's immune cells could point way to repairing damaged brain tissue
Monday, October 22, 2012The brain's key "breeder" cells, it turns out, do more than that. They secrete substances that boost the numbers and strength of critical brain-based immune cells believed to play a vital role in brain health. This finding adds a new dimension to our understanding of how resident stem cells and stem cell transplants may improve brain function.
Many researchers believe that these cells may be able to regenerate damaged brain tissue by integrating into circuits that have been eroded by neurodegenerative disease or destroyed by injury. But new findings by scientists at the Stanford University School of Medicine suggest that another process, which has not been fully appreciated, could be a part of the equation as well. The findings appear in a study that will be published online Oct. 21 in Nature Neuroscience.
"Transplanting neural stem cells into experimental animals' brains shows signs of being able to speed recovery from stroke and possibly neurodegenerative disease as well," said Tony Wyss-Coray, PhD, professor of neurology and neurological sciences in the medical school and senior research scientist at the Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System. "Why this technique works is far from clear, though, because actually neural stem cells don't engraft well."
Neural stem cells can endure essentially unchanged for decades in two places in the mammalian brain, replicating just enough to meet the routine needs of those regions. In most parts of the brain, they aren't found at all.
While of critical importance to maintaining healthy brain function, true neural stem cells are rare. Far more common are their immediate progeny, which are called neural progenitor cells, or NPCs. These robust, rapidly dividing cells are poised to travel down a committed path of differentiation to yield new brain cells of several different types including neurons.
It's known that treating humans with radiation or drugs that prevent NPC replication causes memory deficits ("chemo brain") and, in children, IQ losses of up to 20 points. Conversely, studies are being initiated to see whether infusing neural stem cells into brains affected by Alzheimer's disease can enhance patients' memory function.
One category of brain cells, microglia, descends not from neural stem cells but from an immune lineage and retains several features of immune cells. "Microglia are the brain's own resident immune cells," Wyss-Coray said. Unlike most other mature brain cells, microglia can proliferate throughout adulthood, especially in response to brain injury. They can, moreover, migrate toward injury sites, secrete various "chemical signaling" substances, and gobble up bits of debris, microbial invaders or entire dead or dying neurons.
Microglia normally are distributed throughout the brain ? rather small, quiescent cells sprouting long, skinny projections that meekly but efficiently survey large areas that, taken together, cover the entire brain. But if this surveillance reveals signs of a disturbance, such as injury or infection, the microglia whirl into action. They begin proliferating and their puny bodies puff up, metamorphosing from mild-mannered Clark Kent-like reporters to buffed Supermen who fly to the scene of trouble, where they secrete substances that can throttle bad actors or call in reinforcements. Within these activated cells, internal garbage disposals called lysosomes form in large numbers and start whirring, ready to make mincemeat out of pathogens or cellular debris.
In addition to their part patrol-officer, part cleanup-crew status, microglia can also secrete substances that help neurons thrive. They also contribute to the ongoing pruning of unneeded connections between neurons that occurs throughout our lives.
But like immune cells elsewhere, said Wyss-Coray, microglia can be a force for evil if they engage in too much or inappropriate activity. They might, for instance, start to remove healthy cells (as occurs in Parkinson's) or stop cleaning up garbage strewn about the brain (for example, Alzheimer's plaque).
In a series of experiments, Wyss-Coray and his colleagues have shown that NPCs secrete substances that activate microglia. First, the researchers observed that microglia were uncharacteristically abundant and activated in the two regions in the mammalian brain where NPCs reside and new neurons are formed. Wondering whether the NPCs might be causing this increased microglial activity, the investigators incubated mouse microglia in a culture medium in which NPCs had previously been steeped. Two days later, they saw that the microglia had multiplied more, expressed different amounts of various signal molecules and featured more lysosomes. "The microglia were ready for action," said Wyss-Coray.
So they injected NPCs into an area of mice's brains where these cells are normally not found. In the same area in the opposing brain hemisphere, they injected a control solution. Again they found significant differences in microglial proliferation and activity, and more microglia in the NPC-injected side had assumed a "Superman" as opposed to a "Clark Kent" body shape. When they repeated this experiment using only the NPCs' "discarded bath water" rather than NPCs themselves, they got similar results.
Clearly NPCs were secreting something, or some things, that were spurring microglia to action.
Using sophisticated lab techniques, the team monitored purified NPCs plus several other cell types found in the brain and assessed nearly 60 different substances known to have powerful cell-to-cell signaling properties. Several such substances, it turned out, were secreted in much larger amounts by NPCs than by the other cell types: most notably, vascular endothelial growth factor, or VEGF ? a well-known molecule produced by many cell types throughout the body. VEGF stimulates the formation of blood vessels and exerts a beneficial effect on neurons. Conversely, drugs that block VEGF (such as Avastin) are frequently used to combat cancer because tumors require an immense blood supply in order to grow quickly.
VEGF is also known to boost microglial proliferation. Because it is produced in such volumes by NPCs, Wyss-Coray's team wanted to see if VEGF alone could mimic any of the changes wrought by NPCs or their culture-medium-borne detritus. So they injected VEGF into mice's right brain hemisphere, and saline solution into the left ? again with the same outcomes. Taking the opposite tack, the team injected NPC-saturated medium devoid of the cells, as they had done earlier. But this time they first used various laboratory techniques to deplete the fluid of the VEGF secreted by its former inhabitants. Doing this almost completely reversed its microglia-activating effects.
"All of this strongly suggests that VEGF produced by NPCs is playing a strong role in influencing microglial behavior," said Wyss-Coray. "This is important, because in all neurodegenerative diseases we know of we see microglia out of control." The new finding may open the door to reprogramming misbehaving microglia to play better with other cells.
###
Stanford University Medical Center: http://med-www.stanford.edu/MedCenter/MedSchool
Thanks to Stanford University Medical Center for this article.
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Looks like some poor kid's parents sold their soul to the Devil in a deal, fresh meat for the Sin City grinder.
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Ohio State quarterback Braxton Miller lies injured on the ground after being tackled by a Purdue player during the third quarter of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State defeated Purdue 29-22 in overtime. (AP Photo/Jay LaPrete)
Pittsburgh's Rushel Shell (4) breaks away from Buffalo's Adam Redden (29) and Derek Brim (15) to score a touchdown during the first half of an NCAA college football game in Amherst, N.Y., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Bill Wippert)
Texas Tech wide receiver Eric Ward catches a touchdown pass against TCU cornerback Kevin White (25) during the first half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Fort Worth, Texas. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
Northwestern defensive back Ibraheim Campbell (24) breaks up a pass intended for Nebraska wide receiver Jamal Turner (10) in the end zone during the first half of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Evanston, Ill. (AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast)
Florida linebacker Jelani Jenkins (3) goes airborne after assisting on a tackle on South Carolina's Kenny Miles (31) during the first half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Gainesville, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
Maryland quarterback Perry Hills (11) looks to pass against North Carolina State safety Dontae Johnson (25) and linebacker Brandon Pittman, back left, during the first half of an NCAA football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in College Park, Md. (AP Photo/Nick Wass)
Michigan State quarterback Andrew Maxwell (10) is sacked by Michigan linebacker Jake Ryan (47) during the second quarter of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Ann Arbor, Mich. (AP Photo/Tony Ding)
Florida's Chris Johnson, left, runs the ball to the 1-yard line in front of South Carolina's Justice Cunningham, right, after recovering a fumble on a kickoff during the first half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Gainesville, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
Iowa State defensive back Jeremy Reeves (5) watches as teammate and and fellow back Durrell Givens (24) leaps on to the back of Oklahoma State running back Joseph Randle (1) during the second half of an NCAA college football game in Stillwater, Okla., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Randle ran for two touchdowns and 150 yards in Oklahoma State's 31-10 win. (AP Photo/Brody Schmidt)
A pass intended for Georgia Tech wide receiver Jeff Greene, right, is broken up by Boston College defensive back Sean Sylvia during the second quarter of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Atlanta. (AP Photo/David Goldman)
Boise State's Jerrell Gavins (4) makes an interception in the end zone against UNLV's Eric Johnson (9) during the first half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Boise, Idaho. (AP Photo/Matt Cilley)
Florida's Quinton Dunbar (1) breaks away from South Carolina cornerback Jimmy Legree (15) on a 13-yard touchdown pass play during the first half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Gainesville, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
Stanford tight end Zach Ertz, center, runs in into the end zone past California defensive back Josh Hill (23) on a 20-yard touchdown catch during the first half of an NCAA college football game in Berkeley, Calif., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez)
Brigham Young wide receiver Ross Apo (1) is knocked out of bounds at the 2-yard line by Notre Dame safety Zeke Motta during the first half of an NCAA college football game in South Bend, Ind., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Michael Conroy)
TCU quarterback Trevone Boykin (2) passes during the first half of an NCAA college football game against Texas Tech, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Fort Worth, Texas. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
Texas Tech quarterback Seth Doege (7) passes as teammate Alfredo Morales (56) blocks TCU defensive tackle Chucky Hunter (96) during the first half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Fort Worth, Texas. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
Texas Tech wide receiver Darrin Moore (14) pulls in a touchdown pass against TCU cornerback Kevin White (25) during the first half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Fort Worth, Texas. (AP Photo/LM Otero)
Rutgers head coach Kyle Flood, right, congratulates running backs coach Norries Wilson, left, late in the second half of an NCAA college football game against Temple, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Philadelphia. Rutgers won 35-10. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Nebraska quarterback Taylor Martinez (3) escapes a safety by Northwestern linebacker Chi Chi Ariguzo (44) with an incomplete shovel pass during the first half of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Evanston, Ill. (AP Photo/Charles Rex Arbogast)
Stanford tight end Levine Toilolo, top, catches a nine-yard touchdown pass in front of California defensive back Michael Lowe during the first half of an NCAA college football game in Berkeley, Calif., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez)
Stanford running back Stepfan Taylor (33) runs against California during the first half of an NCAA college football game in Berkeley, Calif., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Marcio Jose Sanchez)
BYU running back Jamaal Williams (21) is knocked out-of-bounds after a 21-yard gain by Notre Dame safety Matthias Farley, right, and defensive end Sheldon Day during the first half of an NCAA college football game in South Bend, Ind., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Michael Conroy)
Michigan State wide receiver Bennie Fowler is upended by Michigan safety Thomas Gordon (30) after a 45-yard pass reception during the second quarter of an NCAA college football game at Michigan Stadium, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Ann Arbor, Mich. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio)
Northern Colorado wide receiver Jace Davis, left, pulls in a pass for a touchdown in front of Idaho State cornerback Donovan Henley during the first quarter of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Greeley, Colo. (AP Photo/David Zalubowski)
Rutgers running back Savon Huggins (28) runs with the ball as Temple defensive back Chris Hutton (28) tries to make a tackle during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Philadelphia. Rutgers won 35-10. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Michigan quarterback Denard Robinson (16) throws during the second quarter of an NCAA college football game against Michigan State at Michigan Stadium, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Ann Arbor, Mich. (AP Photo/Carlos Osorio)
Oklahoma State quarterback J.W. Walsh, left, celebrates his touchdown with lineman Daniel Koenig, right, during the second half of an NCAA college football game against Iowa State in Stillwater, Okla., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Oklahoma State won 31-10. (AP Photo/Brody Schmidt)
Auburn quarterback Clint Moseley (15) throws a pass against Vanderbilt in the third quarter of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Nashville, Tenn. (AP Photo/Joe Howell)
Wisconsin's James White (20) and Montee Ball celebrate Ball's touchdown during the second half of an NCAA college football game against Minnesota Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Madison, Wis. White had 3 touchdowns and Ball had 2 touchdowns in Wisconsin's 38-13 win. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Texas A&M running back Trey Williams (20) runs 76-yards after receiving a kickoff against LSU during the second half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in College Station, Texas. LSU won 24-19. (AP Photo/Eric Kayne)
Wisconsin's Ryan Groy, left, and Kyle Costigan celebrate with James White after White's 34-yard touchdown run against Minnesota during the first half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Madison, Wis. White had 3 touchdown and 175 yards rushing in Wisconsin's 38-13 win. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Texas A&M running back Trey Williams (20) runs 76-yards after receiving a kickoff against LSU during the second half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in College Station, Texas. LSU won 24-19. (AP Photo/Eric Kayne)
Texas A&M quarterback Johnny Manziel (2) throws against LSU during the second half of an NCAA college football game, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in College Station, Texas. LSU won 24-19. (AP Photo/Eric Kayne)
Minnesota coach Jerry Kill disputes a call during the first half of an NCAA college football game against Wisconsin, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Madison, Wis. Wisconsin won 38-13. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Wisconsin coach Bret Bielema embraces Montee Ball after he scored a touchdown during the second half of an NCAA college football game against Minnesota, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Madison, Wis. Wisconsin won 38-13. (AP Photo/Andy Manis)
Rutgers tight end D.C. Jefferson (10) catches a pass for a touchdown during the second half of an NCAA college football game against Temple, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Philadelphia. Rutgers won 35-10. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Ohio State tight end Jeff Heuerman celebrates his two-point conversion late in the fourth quarter of an NCAA college football game against Purdue, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Columbus, Ohio. Ohio State 29-22 in overtime. (AP Photo/Jay LaPrete)
Wake Forest cornerback Kevin Johnson (9) is tackled by Virginia wide receiver Darius Jennings (6) after grabbing an interception during the second half of an NCAA college football game at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Va., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Wake Forest won the game 16-10. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)
Rutgers tight end D.C. Jefferson (10) is swarmed by Temple defenders during the second half of an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Philadelphia. Rutgers won 35-10. (AP Photo/Mel Evans)
Vanderbilt head coach James Franklin celebrates a 17-13 victory over Auburn with his daughter Shola Franklin, 5, following an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Nashville, Tenn. (AP Photo/Joe Howell)
Bowling Green running back John Pettigrew carries the ball as Massachusetts defensive back D'Metrius Williams (13) defends in the third quarter of an NCAA college football game in Foxborough, Mass., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Bowling Green won 24-0. (AP Photo/Michael Dwyer)
Ohio State cornerback Travis Howard celebrates their 29-22 overtime win over Purdue in an NCAA college football game Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Columbus, Ohio. (AP Photo/Jay LaPrete)
Virginia tight end Paul Freedman (88) hangs his head during the final moments of his teams 16-10 loss to Wake Forest in an NCAA college football game at Scott Stadium in Charlottesville, Va., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. (AP Photo/Steve Helber)
Oklahoma State quarterback J.W. Walsh, left, escapes from Iowa State defensive back, Jansen Watson, right, during the first half of an NCAA college football game in Stillwater, Okla. Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Walsh accounted for 46 yards rushing and one of the Oklahoma State touchdowns in the 31-10 win over Iowa State. (AP Photo/Brody Schmidt)
Iowa State defenders Durrell Givens (24), Jeremiah George (52), and Jacques Washington (10), pressure Oklahoma State receiver, Josh Stewart (5), as he leaps out-of-bounds while attempting to score during the first half of an NCAA college football game in Stillwater, Okla. Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Oklahoma State won 31-10. (AP Photo/Brody Schmidt)
Clemson's Jonathan Meeks (5) scores a touchdown after making an interception as Virginia Tech's J.C. Coleman defends during the second quarter of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Clemson, S.C. (AP Photo/Rainier Ehrhardt)
Florida fans with body paint spell out the name of Florida head coach Will Muschamp as they cheer during the first half of an NCAA college football game against South Carolina, Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Gainesville, Fla. (AP Photo/John Raoux)
Bowling Green defensive back BooBoo Gates (24) intercepts a pass intended for Massachusetts wide receiver Marken Michel (4) during the third quarter of an NCAA college football game in Foxborough, Mass., Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012. Bowling Green won 24-0. (AP Photo/Michael Dwyer)
Clemson quarterback Tajh Boyd, top, jumps over the line trying to score a touchdown against Virginia Tech during the second half of an NCAA college football game on Saturday, Oct. 20, 2012, in Clemson, S.C. Boyd did not score on the play. (AP Photo/Rainier Ehrhardt)
Source: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/20/alabama-football-crimson-tide-tennessee_n_1994980.html
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A vagina that has slackened or loosened up due to aging and childbirth can qualify for a vaginoplasty, a tightening procedure. It is often done along with labiaplasty, a surgical procedure on the labia or ?lips? of the vagina. Labiaplasty alters the form and size of the labia, usually shrinking them or rectifying asymmetrical issues between them.
America?s leading obstetricians and gynecologists, however, seek to challenge the notion that such procedures can enhance sensitivity as some surgeons declare. Tightening the vaginal tissue by surgery is no assurance of improved sexual response, since arousal, desire and orgasm are complicated and profoundly personal situations. Sexual responses are rather arbitrary because they depend on as much physical factors as non-physical ones. Besides, a more sensitive vagina is no guarantee of augmented pleasure.
A package of vaginoplasty and labiaplasty typically sets back customers anywhere between $3,500 and $12,000. Since these procedures are more discretionary than compulsory, they are not usually covered by health insurance policies.
To choose between vaginoplasty and labiaplasty, you first need to differentiate between cosmetic surgery and reconstructive surgery. The former alters the physical attributes of an otherwise normal body part, while the latter enhances the function of that part.
Take, for example, rhinoplasty. It is cosmetic if its purpose is to reshape the nose for beauty, reconstructive if it facilitates easier breathing.
Obstetricians and gynecologists are still debating the merits of vaginal surgery, whether for reconstructive or cosmetic purposes. Some kinds of vaginoplasty were initially designed to reconstruct congenitally defective vaginas, i.e. those malformed, overly short, or entirely absent. On occasion, labiaplasty is needed to correct labia overgrowth. Such procedures truly make a difference in the way patients urinate, menstruate, or have sex.
In recent years, vaginoplasty has expanded to include cosmetic procedures. Known commonly as ?designer vagina procedures? or ?vaginal rejuvenation,? these surgeries have been promoted by intrepid plastic surgeons and gynecologists as ways to increase beauty and self-confidence. Yet this kind of marketing is misleading because the female genitals do not have a solely correct appearance. Even plastic surgeons are divided over the practice of vaginal rejuvenation. Not a few are contending the outcomes of these procedures.
There are many forms of vaginal rejuvenation and designer vagina procedures, each wanting of acceptance by professional organizations of gynecologists and obstetricians.
One of the most divisive is called hymenoplasty or ?revirgination.? As its name suggests, it supposedly returns the untouched look of the hymen, the thin tissue fronting the vagina, which ruptures or ?pops? after a woman?s first coitus. In some countries, this procedure has somewhat become an imperative due to the importance placed on virginity by conservative faiths.
Another much-talked about kind of cosmetic vagina surgery is G-spot amplification. It entails a collagen injection into the vagina?s front wall, speculated to be the site of the very sensitive and thereby immensely pleasurable G-spot. By amplifying the sensitiveness of this area, the surgery purportedly makes a woman more easily stimulated and aroused. For the same objectives, some surgeons are marketing a procedure involving the removal or ?unhooding? of the tissue covering the clitoris.
Lately, some surgeons have begun to use laser in lieu of the scalpel to facilitate vaginal surgeries and make them a tad less invasive.
No study, let alone a peer-reviewed medical journal, has documented the success rates of labiaplasty or vaginoplasty in the long term. Furthermore, most obstetricians and gynecologists label them as lacking empirical data to prove their effectiveness.
Meanwhile, scores of women risk infection, pain, scars, and discomfort in the quest for a more pleasurable or beautiful-looking vagina.
Women who are mulling the possibility of vaginal surgery should freely discuss their anxieties over their private parts with their doctors. If you are thinking of having one, you should ask your doctor about the permanent complications and adverse effects of surgery. In the same way, you should understand its real benefits. Ask your doctor too about the ability of surgery to affect orgasm and stimulation; talk about surgery?s effects on pregnancy and delivery. Also ask about its contraindications on napkins, tampons, and other feminine sanitary products.
Having assessed your motivations for such vaginal surgery, a doctor may lead you to non-surgical alternatives and healthy lifestyle measures. Instead of surgery, you may try exercises for toning the vagina?s muscles, improving sexual response. Talking to a therapist can address your concerns about self-worth and confidence.
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PARIS (AP) ? Twitter agreed to pull racist and anti-Semitic tweets under a pair of French hash tags after a Jewish group threatened to sue the social network for running afoul of national laws against hate speech, the organization said. The decision came a day after Twitter bowed to German law and blocked an account of a banned neo-Nazi group there.
The freewheeling social network is increasingly running up against European anti-discrimination laws, many of which date to the aftermath of the Holocaust by governments that acknowledged the contribution of years of hate speech to the Nazi attempt to annihilate the Jews. Friday's action, which was not carried out immediately, would mark a dramatic new stage for the company that has famously refused efforts to police its millions of users.
"Twitter does not mediate content," the company said in a statement. "If we are alerted to content that may be in violation of our terms of service, we will investigate each report and respond according to the policies and procedures outlined in our support pages."
The company's policies require international users to comply with local laws regarding online conduct and acceptable content.
The French Union of Jewish Students, which planned to supply Twitter with a list of the offensive tweets to be pulled, said it would still file a formal complaint against the social network to bring the tweeters to justice. The union held a conference call Thursday night with Twitter executives in California.
The anti-Semitic tweets in French, which started Oct. 10, included slurs and photos evoking the Holocaust, including one of a pile of ash and another of an emaciated Holocaust victim. They were followed by offensive, anti-Muslim tweets.
On Thursday, Twitter blocked the neo-Nazi's account in Germany, although its tweets were still visible to any user whose settings include a different location. The French-language tweets came from hundreds of users, not all of them necessarily in France.
Almost immediately after the French group announced its agreement with Twitter, tweets went up against what some users saw as an attack on freedom of expression ? all using the hash tag that started the wave of racist posts on Oct. 10.
Elie Petit, vice president of the group, dismissed the criticism: "I don't think a call for murder is freedom of expression," he said.
French law forbids all discrimination based on ethnicity, nationality, race or religion.
German law is more specific. Because of its Nazi past, the country has strict laws prohibiting the use of related symbols and slogans ? like the display of the swastika, or saying "heil Hitler."
After the decision in Germany on Thursday, Twitter's general counsel Alex Macgillivray said in a tweet that the site's administrators "never want to withhold content, good to have tools to do it narrowly and transparently."
In a statement, Jonathan Hayoun, the French group's president, said the group wasn't trying to be the "garbage collectors of the Internet."
But, he added, "Twitter can't be a place of illegal expression."
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One thing about a lot of men, especially a man such as the one you've described, don't normally go into a dating scenario with the intent of having a relationship. You said you want a relationship with him. Just allow things to flow naturally and if he likes you then the intimacy for him will grow over time. I'm talking intimacy not sex. Sex is a way that men bond intimately, but this guy does not know you yet...so that won't be the case for a few dates okay. But the chance for a relationship is there, of course. Just don't rush it, allow it to flow on its own natural pace and enjoy the moment, don't talk about your expectations. I'm just talking about with this guy and this kind of guy. It would be a different story if he was a bit more eager to meet up and didn't start off by sending sexy pics. He's not thinking "relationship" (right now). I'm just saying....it's true. Hey, good luck okay.
- Response by mmveil93, A Creative, Female, 29-35, Teaching Rating Received:
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